Alpha-gal syndrome (AGS) is an allergy to alpha-gal, a sugar found in red meat and other products from mammals. It usually starts after a tick bite, most often from the lone star tick in the United States. The typical sign is a delayed reaction: hives, itching, stomach pain, diarrhea or even anaphylaxis 2 to 6 hours after eating beef, pork, lamb or other mammal meat.
The diagnosis rests on your symptoms plus a blood test for alpha-gal specific IgE antibodies. There is no cure yet, but most people do well by avoiding mammal meat (and sometimes dairy, gelatin or certain medicines), carrying epinephrine if prescribed, and avoiding new tick bites, which can let antibody levels fall over time.
Key takeaways
- The CDC identified more than 110,000 suspected cases between 2010 and 2022 and estimates that as many as 450,000 people in the US may be affected.
- Reactions are delayed, usually 2 to 6 hours after a meal, which is why alpha-gal allergy is often missed or confused with other conditions.
- About two thirds of patients have digestive symptoms, and some have only stomach pain, nausea or diarrhea, with no hives.
- A positive alpha-gal IgE test (0.1 kU/L or more) shows sensitization, not disease: many people with antibodies never react to meat.
- Poultry, fish, seafood, eggs, fruits and vegetables do not contain alpha-gal; avoiding further tick bites is the only known way to let the allergy fade.
What is alpha-gal syndrome?
Alpha-gal (galactose-alpha-1,3-galactose) is a carbohydrate made by almost all mammals except humans and some Old World primates. It sits on proteins and fats in meat, organs, milk and gelatin, and in medical products made with mammal cells or tissues.
The CDC describes alpha-gal syndrome as a serious, potentially life-threatening allergic condition and a tickborne disease. A tick bite can transfer alpha-gal from the tick's saliva into the skin. In some people, the immune system then makes IgE antibodies against it. IgE is the antibody class behind classic allergies. The next time that person eats mammal meat, those antibodies can trigger an allergic reaction.
Alpha-gal syndrome is unusual among food allergies for three reasons:
- the allergen is a sugar, not a protein, which is the target in peanut, egg or milk allergy;
- reactions are delayed by hours instead of minutes; researchers think this is because alpha-gal attached to fats must first be digested and carried into the blood;
- it appears in adults who have eaten meat safely for years, after tick exposure.
Everyone makes "natural" IgM, IgG and IgA antibodies against alpha-gal; the problem in AGS is IgE. The link was first discovered when patients had severe reactions to cetuximab, a cancer drug that carries alpha-gal. Researchers then showed that people reporting delayed reactions to meat had the same IgE.
The lone star tick and other causes
How the lone star tick triggers a red meat allergy
In the US, the lone star tick (Amblyomma americanum) is the tick most often associated with alpha-gal syndrome. The adult female has a single white dot, the "lone star", on her back. The CDC calls this tick very aggressive toward people; nymphs and adult females bite most often. It is widespread across the South, the Midwest and the Northeast. Its bite can also transmit ehrlichiosis, tularemia, Heartland virus and Bourbon virus.
Fewer cases are linked to the blacklegged tick, which is better known for spreading Lyme disease, and to the western blacklegged tick. Other tick species cause AGS in Europe, Australia and Asia. Not everyone bitten develops the allergy, and the reason is still unknown. Repeated bites tend to raise IgE levels and keep the allergy going.
Where alpha-gal syndrome is most common
The CDC's 2023 analysis of laboratory data found the highest numbers of suspected cases in a nearly continuous area of the South, Midwest and mid-Atlantic, including parts of Oklahoma, Kansas, Arkansas, Missouri, Mississippi, Tennessee, Kentucky, Illinois, Indiana, North Carolina, Virginia, Maryland and Delaware. Suffolk County, New York, on Long Island, had the most cases of any county. A separate cluster appeared in Minnesota and Wisconsin. The tick's range is spreading north and west; researchers have even collected records of 76 lone star ticks from California.
Who is at risk?
- People who spend time outdoors in tall grass and woods where lone star ticks live. The CDC notes that hunters are at higher risk.
- Outdoor workers: in a study of 3,000 US military personnel, 4.9% of those without antibodies developed them over about 3.4 years, reaching 12.7% in infantry and law enforcement jobs versus 1.2% in administrative jobs.
- Adults, most often; but children can develop AGS too.
- Men and people 55 and older had higher antibody rates among blood donors in a 2026 CDC study.
Alpha-gal symptoms
The CDC lists these alpha-gal syndrome symptoms:
- hives or an itchy rash;
- nausea or vomiting;
- severe stomach pain;
- heartburn or indigestion;
- diarrhea;
- cough, shortness of breath or difficulty breathing;
- a drop in blood pressure, dizziness or faintness;
- swelling of the lips, throat, tongue or eyelids;
- anaphylaxis, a severe reaction involving several organs at once.
Hives are the most common skin sign; our guide to skin rash causes and warning signs helps tell them apart from other rashes. In some people, the rash first appears at the site of an old tick bite.
Why the timing matters
Symptoms usually start 2 to 6 hours after eating red meat or dairy, according to the CDC; a review in the Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine gives 3 to 8 hours. Many reactions happen in the middle of the night after dinner. About 16% of patients react in less than 2 hours, and organ meats such as pork kidney can act faster. The delay does not predict how severe the reaction will be.
Reactions also vary from one meal to the next. You may eat a hamburger without trouble one day and react to the same food another day. Fatty cuts and organ meats tend to cause stronger reactions, and cooking does not destroy alpha-gal. Cofactors such as alcohol, exercise, NSAID painkillers (ibuprofen, naproxen), infections, stress and lack of sleep can make a reaction more likely or more severe.
The digestive form of alpha-gal syndrome
A 2023 Clinical Practice Update from the American Gastroenterological Association (AGA) asked gastroenterologists to watch for a gastrointestinal form of AGS. It causes abdominal pain, diarrhea, nausea or vomiting, without hives, breathing trouble or low blood pressure. In a 2026 meta-analysis of 1,162 patients, 69.2% had at least one digestive symptom, compared with 63.8% who had hives.
Because these symptoms are vague, people are often told they have irritable bowel syndrome, reflux or a stomach bug. A pattern of cramps or diarrhea a few hours after dinners containing meat, in someone who lives in tick country, should prompt an alpha-gal test.
Foods and products that contain alpha-gal
The CDC lists the products below. Not every person with AGS reacts to all of them: most people need to avoid only mammal meat and organs.
| Category | Examples | Usual advice |
|---|---|---|
| Mammal meat | Beef, pork, lamb, venison, rabbit | Avoid (core of the diet for almost everyone) |
| Organ meats | Liver, kidneys, intestines, sweetbreads | Avoid; reactions can be faster and stronger |
| Mammal fat and broths | Lard, tallow, suet, meat broth, bouillon, stock, gravy | Often avoided; read labels |
| Milk and dairy | Milk, cheese, ice cream, butter | Tolerated by most (80-90%); avoid only if they cause symptoms |
| Gelatin | Beef or pork gelatin in candy, marshmallows, capsules | Some people react; decide with your allergist |
| Medicines and vaccines | Gelatin, glycerin, magnesium stearate or bovine extract as additives; some vaccines | Ask before any new drug or vaccine; never stop a medicine on your own |
| Medical products from animals | Cetuximab and other monoclonal antibodies, heparin, pig or cow heart valves, some antivenoms, pancreatic enzymes | Tell every doctor and surgeon you have AGS |
| Safe foods | Poultry, fish, seafood, eggs, fruits, vegetables | No alpha-gal (watch for pork casings and lard) |
Cow's milk is the only alpha-gal-containing ingredient that is a major food allergen under US labeling law, so it is always named on labels. Other mammal ingredients can hide behind words like "natural flavorings". About 1-2% of patients also react to carrageenan, a thickener made from seaweed.
Alpha-gal test: how alpha-gal syndrome is diagnosed
The CDC says doctors diagnose AGS with a detailed history, a physical exam and a blood test for alpha-gal specific IgE. Several large commercial labs offer it (LOINC code 73837-7). Our guide to the allergy blood test and IgE panels explains how specific IgE tests work in general.
Your doctor will ask about:
- the timing of reactions (hours after meals, often at night);
- tick bites, outdoor work, hunting or hiking, or itchy bites that lasted weeks; in the 2026 meta-analysis, 78.7% of patients remembered a tick bite;
- whether symptoms improve on a mammal-free diet.
Other tests that may be ordered
- Specific IgE to beef, pork, lamb and cow's milk, usually positive alongside alpha-gal.
- Total IgE, to compare with the alpha-gal result.
- Skin testing: the CDC notes that skin tests to pork or beef may help, but prick tests with commercial meat extracts are often weak or falsely negative. Allergists may use fresh cooked meat or intradermal tests.
- An oral food challenge, only in a specialist clinic: in one large experience, 15-20% of positive challenges needed epinephrine or emergency transport.
- Serum tryptase, drawn within hours of a severe reaction, can confirm mast cell activation; levels of 20-90 ng/mL have been reported after severe alpha-gal reactions.
- A food intolerance test based on IgG does not diagnose alpha-gal syndrome: everyone has IgG against alpha-gal.
How to read your alpha-gal IgE result
Specific IgE is reported in kU/L (kilounits of allergen-specific IgE per liter). The same number is sometimes written kUA/L or IU/mL; the unit is the same in US and SI reports. Laboratories call a result positive at 0.1 kU/L or more.
| Alpha-gal IgE (kU/L = kUA/L = IU/mL) | Meaning | What happens next |
|---|---|---|
| Below 0.1 | Negative: no IgE detected | AGS unlikely; about 2% of referred patients with typical symptoms still test negative, so an allergist may look further |
| 0.1 or higher | Positive: sensitized to alpha-gal | AGS only if you have matching delayed symptoms; many sensitized people never react |
| 2 or higher, or above 2% of total IgE | With a typical history, diagnosis "very likely" | Avoidance diet, emergency plan, tick-bite prevention |
| Above 0.1 before cetuximab | Higher risk of an infusion reaction | Cancer teams may choose another drug, such as panitumumab |
Three points matter when you read your report:
- A positive test is common in tick areas. In a North Carolina colonoscopy screening study, 31.4% of 404 adults had alpha-gal IgE above 0.1 kU/L, and most had no symptoms. The CDC states clearly that a positive result does not mean a person has AGS.
- There are no strict cutoffs. The level does not predict how severe a reaction will be: people with low levels can have anaphylaxis.
- Levels change. They often fall when you avoid new tick bites, and they can rise after new bites.
Alpha-gal syndrome treatment
Avoidance diet
There is no cure, so treatment means avoiding what triggers your reactions. About 80% of patients do well by avoiding mammal meat and organs alone. About 5-20% also need to avoid dairy and gelatin, and 1% or fewer must avoid a wide range of mammal-derived products. A 2026 nutrition review stresses the role of a registered dietitian, who can help you plan balanced meals around poultry, fish, eggs and plant foods and avoid needless restrictions.
Emergency treatment
For acute reactions, doctors use intramuscular epinephrine, oral antihistamines and sometimes corticosteroids. The CDC says your provider may prescribe an epinephrine auto-injector or nasal spray; learn how to use it, and still go to the emergency room after using it. Some allergists add daily antihistamines or oral cromolyn before meals for persistent symptoms.
Omalizumab and other options
Omalizumab is an injected antibody that binds IgE and blocks it. It is not approved specifically for AGS, but allergists have used it for persistent reactions and before surgery when mammal-derived products cannot be avoided, as in a 2026 report of a woman who had a hip replacement without any reaction. Oral immunotherapy for AGS is still being studied and is not standard care.
Medicines, surgery and transfusions
Many drugs contain mammal-derived ingredients, but serious reactions to them are rare. The highest-risk situations are:
- cetuximab, an EGFR-blocking antibody used in colorectal cancer: in a 2025 study, screening for alpha-gal IgE before treatment cut infusion reactions from 16% to 3%;
- heart surgery, which uses large doses of heparin made from pig intestine, and pig or cow heart valves;
- gelatin-based products used in surgery, pancreatic enzyme capsules and pig-derived thyroid medicine;
- some gelatin-containing vaccines, such as MMR and yellow fever vaccines.
AGS is a different kind of drug allergy from penicillin allergy: the problem is the animal-derived ingredient, not the active drug. Tell your surgeon, anesthesiologist and pharmacist before any procedure.
How to prevent alpha-gal syndrome
There is no vaccine. The best protection is avoiding tick bites, which also helps people who already have AGS, since new bites can reactivate the allergy. The CDC recommends:
- using EPA-registered repellents with DEET, picaridin, IR3535, oil of lemon eucalyptus (OLE), PMD or 2-undecanone; do not use OLE or PMD on children under 3;
- treating clothing and gear with 0.5% permethrin;
- walking in the center of trails and avoiding tall grass and leaf litter;
- showering within 2 hours of coming indoors and doing a full-body tick check;
- drying clothes on high heat for 10 minutes to kill ticks;
- protecting pets and keeping grass short around the home.
Alpha-gal syndrome in children, older adults and other groups
Children make up about 12% of one published cohort. A 2026 pediatric review found long delays before diagnosis and frequent digestive-only presentations. Not remembering a tick bite does not rule out AGS. It recommends removing mammal meat and organs while keeping dairy if tolerated, and reassessing over time to avoid nutritional and social burdens.
Older adults facing heart surgery, valve replacement or long-term IV lines (often flushed with heparin) should share their diagnosis early, because these can involve heparin or animal-derived materials. A different condition, pork-cat syndrome, causes reactions to pork in people allergic to cat albumin; allergists may test cat allergens to tell the two apart, as explained in our guide to dog and cat allergy.
When to see a doctor
Call 911 right away if you have trouble breathing, swelling of the lips, throat or tongue, dizziness or fainting, or hives together with vomiting or a drop in blood pressure, even if hours have passed since your meal. Use your epinephrine first if you have it, and still go to the emergency room.
See your doctor or an allergist if you have:
- hives, itching, swelling or stomach cramps that keep appearing a few hours after dinner, especially at night;
- unexplained anaphylaxis or recurring hives with no known trigger;
- recurring abdominal pain, diarrhea or vomiting with no clear cause and a history of tick bites;
- a positive alpha-gal test and planned surgery, cancer treatment with cetuximab, or a new medicine.
Latest scientific advances in alpha-gal syndrome
How many Americans carry alpha-gal antibodies (CDC, 2026)
The CDC tested 3,000 blood donor samples from 10 states collected in 2024-2025. Alpha-gal IgE was found in 31.2% of donors in Arkansas, 26.0% in Missouri, 22.8% in Virginia, 22.7% in Kentucky and 21.5% in Tennessee, versus 1.1% in Washington. Because only a small minority of seropositive people have AGS, the authors advise testing only people with compatible symptoms.
Symptoms and outcomes by the numbers (meta-analysis, 2026)
A meta-analysis of 15 studies and 1,162 patients found urticaria in 63.8%, abdominal pain in 58.3%, diarrhea in 41.7%, nausea in 39.1% and vomiting in 31.1%. Symptoms started at least 1 hour after eating red meat in 91.8%. Over follow-up, 86.5% improved and 42.7% had complete resolution, a hopeful result for newly diagnosed patients.
A new risk with blood transfusions (JAMA Internal Medicine, 2026)
Case reports had suggested that blood products carrying the B blood group antigen can trigger reactions in people with alpha-gal IgE. An analysis of 558,823 platelet and plasma transfusions at 40 sites found that, in US regions where AGS is common, patients with blood type O who received B or AB units had 3.93 times more allergic transfusion reactions than those given type O units. No such signal appeared outside the US. The authors call this transfusion-related alpha-gal syndrome a possible new entity; blood banks in high-risk areas may adapt their practices. Our guide to blood type O explains why it matters.
Should everyone be screened? (2026 health-economic study)
A model published in The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology: In Practice found that screening people without symptoms to prevent fatal reactions would cost more and reduce quality of life, through unnecessary diets and anxiety. Screening only makes sense for very high-risk people. This supports testing only when symptoms suggest AGS.
Clinical trials to watch
- CoFAR-13 (NCT07611435), funded by NIAID, started in September 2026: 160 people with suspected AGS will eat pork from genetically modified alpha-gal knockout pigs and regular pork, blinded, to improve how food challenges are done.
- The GI Alpha-Gal Study (NCT06268717), from the University of North Carolina, completed in 2026: a blinded crossover challenge with pork with or without alpha-gal in people with digestive AGS, measuring tryptase, basophil activation and gut mast cells and eosinophils.
- A phase 2 pilot (NCT07526558), planned for 2027, will test the mast cell stabilizers ketotifen and cromolyn for persistent symptoms after tick-borne illness, including AGS.
Which tests can help?
If your doctor suspects alpha-gal syndrome, a lab report may include:
- alpha-gal specific IgE, the key test;
- specific IgE to beef, pork, lamb and cow's milk, plus total IgE;
- serum tryptase after a severe reaction, and a baseline value later;
- a complete blood count, sometimes with a raised eosinophil count in allergic conditions;
- tests for other causes of digestive symptoms, such as celiac serology, stool tests or inflammation markers;
- before cetuximab, alpha-gal IgE as a pre-treatment screen.
Glossary
- Alpha-gal: galactose-alpha-1,3-galactose, a sugar made by most mammals but not by humans.
- IgE: the antibody class that causes allergic reactions by activating mast cells and basophils.
- Sensitization: having IgE to an allergen, with or without symptoms.
- kU/L: kilounits per liter, the unit for specific IgE results (same as IU/mL).
- Anaphylaxis: a severe, rapid allergic reaction affecting several body systems at once.
- Tryptase: an enzyme released by mast cells; it rises in the blood after anaphylaxis.
- Lone star tick: Amblyomma americanum, the main tick linked to AGS in the US.
Frequently asked questions
How long does alpha-gal syndrome last?
It varies. Antibody levels fall in most people who avoid new tick bites, but the pace differs widely. In one large registry, nearly 12% of patients followed for at least 5 years had negative tests and were able to eat mammal meat again. In the 2026 meta-analysis, 42.7% of patients had complete resolution.
Is alpha-gal syndrome curable?
Not yet. The CDC notes that no treatment or cure is currently available. Avoiding trigger foods controls symptoms, and avoiding further tick bites gives the best chance that the allergy fades.
What is the treatment for alpha-gal syndrome?
Avoiding mammal meat (and other products only if they cause reactions), an emergency plan with epinephrine for severe reactions, antihistamines for mild symptoms and strict tick-bite prevention. Some patients with frequent reactions receive omalizumab or mast cell stabilizers from an allergist.
How long does alpha-gal syndrome take to develop?
After a tick bite, the CDC says symptoms can take weeks to months to appear. After that, each reaction usually begins 2 to 6 hours after eating mammal meat or dairy.
Is alpha-gal syndrome rare?
Not in tick areas. The CDC counted more than 110,000 suspected cases from 2010 to 2022, with about 15,000 new suspected cases a year, and estimates up to 450,000 Americans may be affected. Yet in a 2022 survey, 42% of health care providers had never heard of it.
Does alpha-gal syndrome last forever?
Not necessarily. Many people improve over the years if they avoid new tick bites. Reintroducing meat should only be done with an allergist, usually after IgE levels have dropped, sometimes with a supervised food challenge.
Can you eat chicken and fish with alpha-gal?
Yes. Poultry, fish, seafood and eggs do not contain alpha-gal. Watch for hidden mammal ingredients: some chicken or turkey sausages use pork casings, and some dishes are cooked with lard or beef broth.
How do you test for alpha-gal?
With a blood test for alpha-gal specific IgE, ordered by your doctor or an allergist. A result of 0.1 kU/L or more is positive, but it confirms AGS only together with typical delayed symptoms. Skin tests or a supervised food challenge are sometimes added.
Sources
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- Carpenter A, Drexler NA, McCormick DW et al. — Health Care Provider Knowledge Regarding Alpha-gal Syndrome, United States, March-May 2022 — MMWR, 2023 — cdc.gov
- Saunders et al. — Alpha-gal Immunoglobulin E Seroprevalence Among Blood Donors, 10 States, 2024-2025 — MMWR, 2026 — doi.org
- McGill SK, Hashash JG, Platts-Mills TA — AGA Clinical Practice Update on Alpha-Gal Syndrome for the GI Clinician: Commentary — Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2023 — doi.org
- Rao et al. — Understanding Alpha-Gal Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Clinical Manifestations and Outcomes — Neurogastroenterol Motil, 2026 — doi.org
- Kaufman et al. — Epidemiologic Study of Transfusion-Related Alpha-Gal Syndrome — JAMA Intern Med, 2026 — doi.org
- Shaker et al. — A Health-Economic Analysis of Alpha-Gal Screening in the Asymptomatic Patient to Prevent Fatal Anaphylaxis — J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract, 2026 — doi.org
- Platts-Mills TAE, Li RC, Keshavarz B et al. — Diagnosis and Management of Patients with the alpha-Gal Syndrome — J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract, 2020 — doi.org
- Commins SP — Diagnosis and management of alpha-gal syndrome: lessons from 2,500 patients — Expert Rev Clin Immunol, 2020 — doi.org
- McGill SK, Commins SP, Peery AF et al. — Alpha-Gal Sensitization in a US Screening Population Is Not Associated With a Decreased Meat Intake or Gastrointestinal Symptoms — Am J Gastroenterol, 2023 — doi.org
- Wilson JM et al. — Tick bites, IgE to galactose-alpha-1,3-galactose and urticarial or anaphylactic reactions to mammalian meat: the alpha-gal syndrome — Allergy, 2024 — doi.org
- Platts-Mills TAE et al. — The Immunology of Alpha-Gal Syndrome: History, Tick Bites, IgE, and Delayed Anaphylaxis to Mammalian Meat — Immunol Rev, 2025 — doi.org
- Platts-Mills TAE et al. — The alpha-gal syndrome: understanding the role of tick bites, and the delays in severe anaphylaxis — Allergy Asthma Proc, 2026 — doi.org
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- Peterson et al. — Alpha-Gal Syndrome: A Review for the General Internist — Am J Med Sci, 2024 — doi.org
- Della Marta N et al. — Pre-treatment testing for antibodies to galactose-alpha-1,3-galactose to mitigate cetuximab hypersensitivity reactions — Cancer Treat Res Commun, 2025 — doi.org
- Ching et al. — Incidence of Alpha-Gal IgE Sensitization in 3000 Military Personnel — J Clin Med, 2024 — doi.org
- Zvara J, Smith AL et al. — Alpha-Gal Syndrome and Cardiac Surgery — J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth, 2024 — doi.org
- Miliordos et al. — Pediatric alpha-gal syndrome: from missed diagnosis to the burden of avoidance — Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol, 2026 — doi.org
- Kohli-Pamnani A et al. — Alpha-Gal Syndrome Managed With Omalizumab for Perioperative Optimization of Total Hip Arthroplasty — JBJS Case Connect, 2026 — doi.org
- Foley et al. — Assessing the potential risk of lone star tick establishment in California — Ticks Tick Borne Dis, 2025 — doi.org
- Leder et al. — Perioperative Considerations in Alpha-Gal Syndrome: A Review — Cureus, 2024 — doi.org
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- Reddy S et al. — Alpha-gal syndrome: A review for the dermatologist — J Am Acad Dermatol, 2023 — doi.org
- NIAID — CoFAR-13: control for oral food challenges in alpha-gal syndrome (NCT07611435) — ClinicalTrials.gov — clinicaltrials.gov
- University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill — Understanding Gastrointestinal Alpha-Gal Syndrome (NCT06268717) — ClinicalTrials.gov — clinicaltrials.gov
- University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill — Mast cell treatment in post-tick bite illness (NCT07526558) — ClinicalTrials.gov — clinicaltrials.gov
- CDC — About Alpha-gal Syndrome — CDC — cdc.gov
- CDC — Symptoms of Alpha-gal Syndrome — CDC — cdc.gov
- CDC — Products That May Contain Alpha-gal — CDC — cdc.gov
- CDC — Managing Alpha-gal Syndrome — CDC — cdc.gov
- CDC — Testing and Diagnosis for Alpha-gal Syndrome — CDC — cdc.gov
- CDC — Where Ticks Live — CDC — cdc.gov
- CDC — Preventing Tick Bites — CDC — cdc.gov
- EMBL-EBI — ChEMBL drug mechanisms (cetuximab, omalizumab) — ChEMBL — ebi.ac.uk
Further reading
- Basophils blood test: high or low levels
- Complete blood count: read your results
- IgG blood test: high, low and normal levels
- Rash from amoxicillin or allergy: how to tell
- Persistent diarrhea: which stool tests you need
- Eosinophils and asthma: blood test guide
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