Cervical cancer is a serious disease affecting thousands of women worldwide. It originates in the cells of the cervix, the lower part of the uterus that connects the uterus to the vagina. Understanding its origins, symptoms, and prevention methods is essential for effective action against this pathology.
Causes and Risk Factors
Persistent infection with the Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is the primary cause of cervical cancer. HPV is a very common virus transmitted through sexual contact. Many strains of HPV exist, but only certain high-risk strains can lead to abnormal cellular changes resulting in cancer.
Several factors increase the risk of developing this cancer. Chronic HPV infection tops the list. Additionally, a weakened immune system, prolonged use of oral contraceptives, smoking, and an early start to sexual activity with multiple partners are also risk factors. The presence of other sexually transmitted infections can also contribute to an increased risk of cervical cancer.
Symptoms and Signs
In its early stages, cervical cancer often presents no symptoms. This underscores the importance of regular screenings. As the disease progresses, several signs may appear. Abnormal vaginal bleeding, particularly after sexual intercourse, between periods, or after menopause, is among the most common symptoms. Abnormal vaginal discharge, sometimes malodorous, and pelvic pain or pain during intercourse can also indicate the presence of the disease.
Diagnosing Cervical Cancer
Early diagnosis significantly improves the chances of successful cervical cancer treatment. Regular screening with a Pap test (cervical smear) and HPV test are the main methods. The Pap test detects abnormal cells, while the HPV test identifies the presence of high-risk virus strains.
In case of abnormal results, doctors perform further examinations. A colposcopy, a procedure that uses a magnifying instrument to examine the cervix, may follow. Often, colposcopy allows for the collection of a small tissue sample (biopsy) for further microscopic analysis. These steps confirm the diagnosis and determine the extent of the disease.
Treatments and Management
Cervical cancer treatment depends on the stage of the disease, the patient’s general health, and her preferences. Surgery is the primary option for early stages. Surgeons can remove only the cancerous tissue (conization), or perform a hysterectomy (removal of the uterus), sometimes also the ovaries and fallopian tubes.
For more advanced stages, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of both are often necessary. Radiation therapy uses high-energy X-rays to destroy cancer cells. Chemotherapy, on the other hand, uses drugs to kill cancer cells throughout the body. A multidisciplinary approach, involving oncologists, radiation therapists, and surgeons, ensures the best possible care.
Recent Scientific Advancements
Research on cervical cancer is constantly advancing. In the first half of 2025, efforts are particularly focused on improving targeted therapies and immunotherapy.
Recent studies are exploring new molecules that specifically target the growth mechanisms of cancer cells, offering potentially less toxic treatments. In parallel, immunotherapy, which stimulates the patient’s own immune system to attack tumor cells, shows promising results in clinical trials for advanced cases. These advancements aim to improve survival rates and the quality of life of patients.
Preventing Cervical Cancer
Prevention plays a fundamental role in the fight against cervical cancer. HPV vaccination is the most effective preventive measure. This vaccination is recommended for young girls and boys, before the start of their sexual activity, to protect them against the most dangerous HPV strains.
Regular screening with a Pap test and HPV test remains crucial, even for vaccinated women, as vaccination does not cover all HPV strains. Adopting other healthy practices, such as abstinence or the use of barrier methods to prevent STIs, and avoiding smoking, also reduces the risk.
Living with Cervical Cancer
A diagnosis of cervical cancer changes a life. However, many resources exist to support patients and their loved ones. Support groups, psychological counseling, and palliative care services help manage the physical and emotional challenges of the disease. Maintaining open communication with the healthcare team is essential for personalized care. A balanced diet and appropriate physical activity can also contribute to overall well-being during treatment and convalescence.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
Does the HPV vaccine offer 100% protection against cervical cancer?
The HPV vaccine offers very high protection against the HPV strains responsible for the majority of cervical cancers. It does not provide 100% protection, as it does not cover all HPV strains. Regular screening therefore remains necessary.
Is cervical cancer hereditary?
No, cervical cancer is generally not hereditary. It primarily results from persistent infection with the Human Papillomavirus (HPV), a virus that is not genetically transmitted.
How long does it take for an HPV infection to turn into cancer?
The process generally takes several years, even decades. HPV infection first leads to precancerous cellular changes, which can then slowly evolve into cancer. Screening allows for the detection and treatment of these abnormalities before they become malignant.
Can men also be HPV carriers?
Yes, men can be HPV carriers and transmit it. HPV can cause genital warts in men or, more rarely, cancers of the anus, penis, or throat. Vaccination is therefore also recommended for boys.
How to distinguish normal bleeding from abnormal bleeding?
Consider any vaginal bleeding outside of your period, or after menopause, as abnormal. Bleeding after sexual intercourse is also a warning sign. Consult a doctor for any unusual bleeding.
Additional resources
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